The subject of this speech is how to improve enforcement of Europe’s ban on abuse of monopoly power. This ban is laid down in Article 82 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (“EC Treaty”), our equivalent of Section 2 of the Sherman Act in the United States. Such enforcement is a crucially important element in ensuring an effective competition policy, which is in turn a key factor i...

The paper presents the most important points of the discussion, recommendations, and conclusions of a workshop on harmonization of criteria documents (CDs) for standard setting in occupational health, with emphasis on standard setting in the European Community (EC). The objectives were to achieve harmonized CDs and to develop a mechanism for international cooperation. The discussion focused on ...

As of 27 April 2010, member states across the whole of the European Community must have in place local legislation that is designed to assess and limit the amount of artificial optical radiation (AOR) that employees may be exposed to in the workplace. This requirement originates from the EU’s Physical Agents Directive (AOR) 2006/25/EC, which is part of a family of directives designed to protect...

2004/24/EC amending 2001/83/EC and 2004/28/EC amending 2001/82/EC 2 see www.pheur.org 3 Council of Europe European Treaty Series No. 50, 22/07/1964 and No. 134. 01/11/1992 4 Council of Europe European Treaty Series No. 123, 18/03/1986 5 Artiges, A. (1999). Alternatives to animals in the development and control of biological products for human and veterinary use. The role of the European Pharmac...

Energy communities (EC) are expected to have a pivotal role reach European decarbonization targets. One of the key aspects is regulatory framework adopted by each Member State properly manage such new customers’ aggregation. The paper firstly provides an updated overview EC regulation, focusing on current Italian legislation. Next, novel methodology for design and management energy community in...

The past two decades saw tremendous achievements in blood safety, which are due to the commitment of blood establishments and industry, progress in technology such as the improvement of serological and NAT screening tests, and stringent regulatory control. Milestones in the legislation were the inclusion of plasma derivatives in the pharmaceutical legislation of the European Community (EC) in t...

Charles Bean has written an informative discussion of unemployment that brings to a larger audience some parts of his comprehensive discussion of European unemployment (Bean, 1994). His current paper also discusses the role that policy might take to reduce unemployment. I will put policy issues aside initially to concentrate on the causes of unemployment. I begin by stating and commenting on fo...

BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the levels of social support in patients with postoperative esophageal carcinoma and potential effect of social support on generic and EC-specific quality of life. METHODS Overall, 803 Chinese patients with EC were recruited in the high-incidence region- Linzhou in Henan, China for the observation study. We obtained data on European Organization for Research an...