BACKGROUND Large-scale educational assessments in the U.S. are used as policy tools for improving instruction and evaluating educational programs and the effectiveness of educators. Because of the high-stakes nature of their use, it is imperative that validity evidence based on testing consequences is obtained to support their multiple purposes. METHOD A comprehensive review of the literature...

BACKGROUND Validity evidence based on the internal structure of an assessment is one of the five forms of validity evidence stipulated in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing of the American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. In this paper, we describe the concepts underlying internal structu...

BACKGROUND Validity evidence based on test content is one of the five forms of validity evidence stipulated in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing developed by the American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education. In this paper, we describe the logic and theory underlying such evidence and describ...

Information about the incidence and prevalence of diseases and injuries at the population level is frequently required for benchmarking, for advocacy of particular policies, to assist in setting funding priorities, for monitoring achievements towards internationally accepted goals and targets, and to guide technical strategies and responses. In this issue of the Bulletin (pp. 622–628), Kruijsha...

Borderline schizophrenia is held to be a valid entity that should be included in the DSM-III. It is a chronic illness that may be associated with many other symptoms but is best characterized by perceptual-cognitive abnormalities. It has a familial distribution and a genetic relationship with schizophrenia. The term schizotypal personality is an acceptable alternative to borderline schizophreni...

CONTEXT The term 'validity' is used pervasively in medical education, especially as it relates to curriculum, assessment, measurement and instrumentation. Exactly what is meant by the term 'validity' in the medical education literature is not always clearly defined. OBJECTIVES This study attempts to clarify, conceptualise and classify how validity fits within the context of assessment and to ...

This study provides empirical evidence of a highly specific use of games in education— the assessment of the learner. Linear regressions were used to examine the predictive and convergent validity of a math game as assessment of mathematical understanding. Results indicate that prior knowledge significantly predicts game performance. Results also indicate that game performance significantly pre...

This paper employs meta-analysis to determine the influence of computer-based scaffolding characteristics and study and test score quality on cognitive outcomes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education at the secondary, college, graduate, and adult levels. Results indicate that (a) computer-based scaffolding positively influences learning (g = 0.53), (b) studies with zero ...

The objective of this paper is to describe empirical studies evaluating the impact of reference pricing interventions in pharmaceutical markets, and to assess the quality of their evaluation method. A total of ten studies were included in the review. The nature of the intervention, the nature of the data available, the nature of the question to be answered, and the requirements of the evaluatio...

Honing and Ladinig (2008) make the assertion that while the internal validity of web-based studies may be reduced, this is offset by an increase in external validity possible when experimenters can sample a wider range of participants and experimental settings. In this paper, the issue of internal validity is more closely examined, and it is agued that there is no necessary reason why internal ...