The variety of Earth’s organisms is manifold. However, it the small-scale marine community that makes world goes round. Microbial pro- and eukaryotic origin drive carbon supply nutrient cycling, thus are mediating primary productivity within largest ecosystem called ocean. But due to ocean’s great size large number biogeographically habitats, total microbial species can hardly be grabbed theref...

DNA microarray technology allows for a quick and easy comparison of complete transcriptomes, resulting in improved molecular insight in fluctuations of gene expression. After emergence of the microarray technology about a decade ago, the technique has now matured and has become routine in many molecular biology laboratories. Numerous studies have been performed that have provided global transcr...

The last years have witnessed tremendous technical advances in the field of transcriptomics that enable the simultaneous assessment of nearly all transcripts expressed in a tissue at a given time. These advances harbor the potential to gain a better understanding of the complex biological systems and for the identification and development of novel biomarkers. This article will review the curren...

Abstract Proton therapy is an innovative radiation modality that has been shown to induce higher cytotoxicity tumor cells compared standard x-ray while sparing normal tissue. However, the impact of proton radiotherapy on growth and progression glioblastoma (GBM) not defined. We hypothesize understanding evolution micro environmental responses critical for developing targeting interventions. In ...

In our previous review we reviewed the history of embryonic stem cells, advantages and disadvantages of ESC, parthenogenetic ESC and their therapeutic applications, cloning along with merits of SCNT, in this shot commentary we have just concentrated on induced pluripotent stem cells, mainly their transcriptomics, along with special emphasis on global transcriptomics in candidate oocyte factors ...

Single-cell transcriptomics has recently emerged as one of the most promising tools for understanding the diversity of the transcriptome among single cells. Image-based transcriptomics is unique compared to other methods as it does not require conversion of RNA to cDNA prior to signal amplification and transcript quantification. Thus, its efficiency in transcript detection is unmatched by other...

CD4+ T cells have orchestrated and regulated immunity since the introduction of jawed vertebrates, yet our understanding cell evolution, development, cellular physiology has only begun to be unearthed in past few decades. Discoveries genetic diseases that ablate this population provided insight into their critical functions while transcriptomics, proteomics, high-resolution microscopy recently ...

Vertebrates are the only animals that produce bone, but the molecular genetic basis for this evolutionary novelty remains obscure. Here, we synthesize information from traditional evolutionary and modern molecular genetic studies in order to generate a working hypothesis on the evolution of the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying bone formation. Since transcription factors are often core c...

Environmental genomics and genome-wide expression approaches deal with large-scale sequence-based information obtained from environmental samples, at organismal, population or community levels. To date, environmental genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics are arguably the most powerful approaches to discover completely novel ecological functions and to link organismal capabilities, organism-e...