Muscle chapters in physiology textbooks tend to be short and narrowly focused; muscle has been portrayed as both genetically fixed and seemingly singular in function to produce work while shortening. However, the suite of muscle functions is extremely broad, including noise maker, thermogenic organ, isometric ‘lock’ and a power source for projectiles, in addition to driving locomotion. Likewise...

Characterization and new methods of generation of bijective fuzzy negations (involutive, contracting and expanding negations) are done. The approach is based on a symmetry of involutive negations with respect to the line f(x) = x; x∈ [0; 1]. Contracting and expanding negations are given by suitable de4ections from this symmetry. c © 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Expanding and contracting patterns were presented on different disparity planes to investigate the role of stereo depth in vection. Experiment 1 tested the effect of stereo depth on inducing vection with expanding and contracting flows on different disparity planes. Subjects reported whether they felt forward or backward self-motion. The results clearly showed the dominance of the background fl...

In this study we examined the effects of simulated horizontal and vertical viewpoint jitter on the vection and postural sway induced by radial patterns of optic flow. During each trial, observers were exposed sequentially to 20 s periods of radially expanding flow, radially contracting flow, and static visual scenes. For half the trials, simulated viewpoint jitter was added to the radially expa...

Why do competing platforms or networks exist? This paper focuses on instances where the value of a platform depends on the adoption decisions of a small number of firms, and analyzes the strategic competition among platforms to get this oligopolistic side on-board. I study a bilateral contracting game among platforms and firms that allows for general externalities across both contracting and no...

When stationary observers view an optic-flow pattern, visually induced self-motion perception (vection) and a form of motion sickness known as simulator sickness (SS), can result. Previous results suggest that an expanding flow pattern leads to more SS than a contracting pattern. Sensory conflict, a possible cause of SS, may be more salient when an expanding optic-flow pattern is viewed. An exp...

In laboratory and applied learning experiments, researchers have extensively investigated the optimal distribution of two learning sessions (i.e., initial learning and one relearning session) for the learning of verbatim materials. However, research has not yet provided a satisfying and conclusive answer to the optimal scheduling of three learning sessions (i.e., initial learning and two relear...