background: the role of oxidative stress in endosulfan-induced reproductive toxicity has been implicated. this study was performed to evaluate the possible protective effect of vitamins e and c, against endosulfan-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. methods: fifty adult male sprague–dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each). the groups included a control receiving vehicl...

ion + refinement formalisation Figure 2: Different levels of specification To be able to prove required properties, an appropriate abstraction level must be chosen, so that a verification of the relevant functional and security properties is still possible. The behaviour of formal models at different abstraction levels can be compared using appropriate homomorphisms. In refinements of the model...

This paper introduces the online bundle purchasing problem (OBPP) as a new computational challenge induced by e-commerce technology. The task of the OBPP is to decide which of possibly many satisfactory combinations (bundles) of items should be purchased, from whom, and when, to maximize the buyer’s overall satisfaction. Satisfaction, formalized as multiattribute utility, includes attitudes tow...

In electronic commerce on the Internet, a customer can choose among several competitive suppliers, but because of the nature of the Internet, the reliability and trustworthiness of suppliers may vary signi cantly. The customer's goal is to maximize its utility, by minimizing the expense required to ful ll its request, and maximizing its probability of success by some deadline. To this end, the ...

An agent operating in the real world must often choose from among alternatives in incomplete information environments, and frequently it can obtain additional information about them. Obtaining information can result in a better decision, but the agent may incur expenses for obtaining each unit of information. The problem of nding an optimal strategy for obtaining information appears in many dom...

thyrotoxicosis is a condition in which tissues are stimulated by increased secretion of thyroid hormone. the most common cause is diffuse toxic goiter and toxic multi-nodular goiter. for more reviews on this disease, the effects of hyperthyroidism on liver enzyme levels were studied. a total of 30 adult male wistar rats weighing about 190 g were purchased from the pasteur institute of iran. in ...

background: echinococcus multilocularis is a tiny tapeworm, responsible for 0.3~0.5 million alveolar echinococcosis in humans. methods: we searched relevant papers published between 1981 and 2013 based on the database sources such as pubmed and google scholar, and collected and integrated the data for analysis. results: the parasite is able to use host-originated molecules to modulate its devel...

One of the most prominently observed behavior patterns in decision making under risk is the certainty e¤ect: subjects tend to overvalue risk-free prospects, even in violation of expected utility, as shown, for example, in the Allais paradoxes. This tendency is captured behaviorally by Negative Certainty Independence (NCI), which requires that if a decision maker prefers the lottery p over a cer...