BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is a lack of modern-day data quantifying the effect of transient ischemic attack (TIA) on survival, and recent data do not take into account expected survival. METHODS Data for 22 157 adults hospitalized with a TIA from July 1, 2000, to June 30, 2007, in New South Wales, Australia, were linked with registered deaths to June 30, 2009. We estimated survival relative...

Relative survival, the survival analogue of excess mortality, is the method of choice for estimating patient survival using data collected by populationbased cancer registries. The relative survival ratio is typically estimated from life tables as the ratio of the observed survival of the patients (where all deaths are considered events) to the expected survival of a comparable group from the g...

The question of how to determine which states and actions are responsible for a certain outcome is known as the credit assignment problem remains central research in reinforcement learning artificial intelligence. Eligibility traces enable efficient recent sequence experienced by agent, but not counterfactual sequences that could also have led current state. In this work, we introduce expected ...

We introduce and study the main properties of a class convex risk measures that refine Expected Shortfall by simultaneously controlling expected losses associated with different portions tail distribution. The corresponding adjusted Shortfalls quantify as minimum amount capital has to be raised injected into financial position X ensure ES p ( ) does not exceed pre-specified threshold g for ever...