Needle biopsies are being extensively used in clinical trials addressing muscular adaptation to exercise and diet. Still, the potential artifacts due to biopsy sampling are often overlooked. Healthy volunteers (n = 9) underwent two biopsies through a single skin incision in a pretest. Two days later (posttest) another biopsy was taken 3 cm proximally and 3 cm distally to the pretest incision. M...

In this paper we review, and elaborate on, the literature on a regression artifact related to Lord's paradox in a continuous setting. Specifically, the question is whether a continuous property of individuals predicts improvement from training between a pretest and a posttest. If the pretest score is included as a covariate, regression to the mean will lead to biased results if two critical con...

The purpose of this research study was to determine the effects of cyber bullying training on middle school students and parents. The study used a pretest-posttest control group design. The participants were 26 parents of middle school students and 56 middle school students. The study was comprised of a comprehension test in which adult and student participants were graded according to the perc...

After 10 years of No Child Left Behind standards-focused education, mathematics scores have improved only marginally for elementary-aged students. Students who developed a solid conceptual mathematics foundation at the elementary level succeeded later in higher-level mathematics courses; thus, educators have sought ways to increase mathematics achievement, especially among elementary school stu...

test anxiety is one of key factors which weaken the student’s morale and confidence and reduce their creativity and gradually become the permanent personal characteristic and mostly results in feeling of inadequacy. human’s locus of control is usually roots in personal belief system about the causes of the different personal experience and the causes of the success or failure, so it has great e...

The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the effect of a strength training program on indicators of trait and state anxiety in patients with ischemic stroke. The subjects were divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) consisting of 11 subjects aged 51.7 ± 8.0 years and a control group (CG) with 13 subjects aged 52.5 ± 7.7 years. EG underwent 12 weeks of strength training, with a freque...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of investigative laboratory integration on student content knowledge and science process skill achievement across learning styles. Treatment groups utilized one of three levels of treatment: subject matter approach without laboratory experimentation, subject matter approach with prescriptive laboratory experimentation, and subject matter app...

BACKGROUND The effect of visual arts interventions on development of empathy has not been quantitatively investigated. A study was conducted on the effect of a visual arts-based program on the scores of the Jefferson Scale for Physician Empathy (JSPE). METHODS A total of 110 clerks (n = 92) and first-year postgraduate residents (PGY1s) (n = 18) participating in the program were recruited into...

Forty-nine schools (N = 5,680 fifth and sixth grade students) were assigned to pretest/treatment, pretest/no treatment, no pretest/treatment, and no pretest/no treatment conditions in the context of an alcohol misuse prevention study. At the first posttest, five months after the pretest and two months after the intervention, the effects of the pretest and of the intervention were examined. The ...