PROBLEM The expiry of medicines in the supply chain is a serious threat to the already constrained access to medicines in developing countries. APPROACH We investigated the extent of, and the main contributing factors to, expiry of medicines in medicine supply outlets in Kampala and Entebbe, Uganda. A cross-sectional survey of six public and 32 private medicine outlets was done using semi-str...

A previous paper (West 2005) tackled the issue of calculating accurate uni-, biand trivariate normal probabilities. This has important applications in the pricing of multi-asset options, e.g. rainbow options. In this paper, we derive the Black–Scholes prices of several styles of (multi-asset) rainbow options using change-of-numeraire machinery. Hedging issues and deviations from the Black-Schol...

The aim of this paper is to price an American style option when there is uncertainty on the volatility of the underlying asset. An option contract can be either European or American style depending on whether the exercise is possible only at or also before the expiry date. A European option gives the holder the right to buy or sell the underlying asset only at the expiry date of the option. On ...

Electronic passports (e-passports) are to prevent the illegal entry of traveller into a specific country and limit the use of counterfeit documents by more accurate identification of an individual. The epassport, as it is sometimes called, represents a bold initiative in the deployment of two new technologies: cryptography security and biometrics (face, fingerprints, palm prints and iris). A pa...

Asyfa Krueng Mane Pharmacy is a business entity engaged in the sale of drugs. The drug supply data processing system that was carried out at still uses ordinary stationery to process so it deemed less effective and efficient. Therefore, there need for an information can be used assist support efficiency using FEFO (First First Out) method, which method dispenses drugs with shorter expiry dates ...

Dispute of transactions is a common problem that could jeopardise business. Hence non-repudiation services are essential in business transactions which provide evidence to enable dispute resolution. To be eligible as non-repudiation evidence, the digital signature on an electronic document should remain valid until its expiry date which is specified by some non-repudiation policy. The conventio...

! The IAEA is pleased to offer the proceedings of the conference to all participants at a special price of €65.00 plus shipping (50% discount on the list price of €130.00).  Payment on receipt of invoice  Bank transfer made to the account of the IAEA at a bank listed below  Please charge to Master/Visa card (our preferred method of payment) card number expiry date Postal code Country Signatu...

The standard for stability and quality of drugs for approval of marketing, are assured by testing and systematic evaluation using different analytical techniques. The drugs are tested in pharma analytical lab involving analysts associated spectra, chromatogram etc , and the results are analyzed leading to fixation of expiry dates. Once the drug crosses its expiry period, its potency is lost and...

Option trading forms part of our financial markets. A traded option gives to its owner the right to buy (call option) or to sell (put option) a fixed quantity of assets of a specified stock at a fixed price (exercise or strike price). There are two major types of traded options. One is the American option that can be exercised at any time prior to its expiry date, and the other option, which ca...