rangelands renewable resources play a very important role in ecosystem regulating, preserving plant genetic reservoirs, water cycle as well as providing large parts of forage requirements. these resources were considered to be a basis for sustainable development and also a basic platform for various economic activities. during the recent years in iran, these valuable sources were subjected to s...

This commentary talks about patient involvement in one of the biggest EU projects to date-U-BIOPRED. It describes how people and carers of people with asthma have been able to develop and drive their input and have their voice heard among the >200 healthcare professional project members. Five key principles for the success of the patient involvement group are presented: involve early, involve d...

INTRODUCTION Patient and public involvement in healthcare planning, service development and health-related research has received significant attention. However, evidence about the role of patient involvement in quality improvement work is more limited. We aimed to characterize patient involvement in three improvement projects and to identify strengths and weaknesses of contrasting approaches. ...

This paper is built on the fundamental of Jorgensen and Sorge considering a differential game about fishery problem. In reality, exploiters can be many because non-excludability common resource. Thus, we expand former two players model to N find more different equilibriums in scenario. Through this, want some guidance for changing resource stock. Further control overexploitation.

Exploiters of protection mutualisms are assumed to represent an important threat for the stability of those mutualisms, but empirical evidence for the commonness or relevance of exploiters is limited. Here, I describe results from a manipulative study showing that an orb-weaver spider, Eustala oblonga, inhabits an ant-acacia for protection from predators. This spider is unique in the orb-weaver...

Plants in multiple symbioses are exploited by symbionts that consume their resources without providing services. Discriminating hosts are thought to stabilize mutualism by preferentially allocating resources into anatomical structures (modules) where services are generated, with examples of modules including the entire inflorescences of figs and the root nodules of legumes. Modules are often co...

Myrmecophytic Acacia species produce food bodies (FBs) to nourish ants of the Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group, with which they live in an obligate mutualism. We investigated how the FBs are protected from exploiting nonmutualists. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the FB proteomes and consecutive protein sequencing indicated the presence of several Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs...

In Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), agents are acting individually and/or in cooperation with other agents in order to fulfill goals set by the initiators of them and thereby maximize some expected utilities. We argue that all form of cooperation is based on an expected raise of some present or future utility and that it should be modelled from a value-perspective. That is, there is no reason for an ...

rangelands are the main sources of forage for livestock feeding by localpeople. beside forage production, rangeland ecosystems provide many other goods andservices such as medicinal plants, recreation, soil and water conservation, wildlife habitat,fishing, hunting, hiking, etc. nevertheless, there are no much information about the waythat local communities think about the rangelands goods and s...

Public participation in science and gamification of science are two strong contemporary trends, especially in the area of emerging techno-sciences. Involvement of the public in research-related activities is an integral part of public engagement with science and technologies, which can be successfully achieved through a participatory game design. Focusing on the participatory dimension of educa...