Rapid eye movements (REMs), traditionally measured using the electrooculogram (EOG), help to characterize active sleep in adults. In early infancy, however, they are not clearly expressed. Here we measured extraocular muscle activity in infant rats at 3 days of age (P3), P8 and P14-15 in order to assess the ontogeny of REMs and their relationship with other forms of sleep-related phasic activit...

Solitary abducens palsy secondary to isolated sphenoid sinus disease (ISSD) is rare and early management is important. There is no report regarding the results of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for prolonged abducens palsy due to ISSD. We present four cases of ISSD with solitary abducens palsy that received ESS from 1995 through 2000. The interval between onset of diplopia and ESS was longer th...

D,uke-Elder and Duke-Elder first re ported on the action of choline and nicotine on the mammalian extraocular muscle; this was followed by a study by Brown and Harvey on the cat extrinsic eye muscle. Since then very little investigation has been reported on mammalian extraocular muscle, except by Breinin. Recently, more detailed investigation of cat extraocular muscle has been reported followin...

PURPOSE During fixation and saccades, human eye movements obey Listing's law, which specifies the eye's torsional angle as a function of its horizontal and vertical position. Torsion of the eye is in part controlled by the fourth nerve. This study investigates whether the brain adapts to defective torsional control after fourth nerve palsy. METHODS Thirteen patients with fourth nerve palsy (1...

Extraocular muscle is fundamentally distinct from other skeletal muscles. Here, we review the biological organization of the extraocular muscles with the intent of understanding this novel muscle group in the context of oculomotor system function. The specific objectives of this review are threefold. The first objective is to understand the anatomic arrangement of the extraocular muscles and th...

PURPOSE To report various clinical presentations and treatment outcomes in a series of patients with extraocular muscle cysticercosis. METHODS This retrospective study reviewed the charts of 43 patients diagnosed with extraocular muscle cysticercosis with computed tomography and orbital B-scan ultrasonography between January 1991 and December 2002. Clinical presentation, results of investigat...