the aim of this research is to analyse of empirical relationship of fiscal policy and iranian trade account in the years 1338-1385(1959-2006). in and econometrics model the methods of engle and granger (1987), johansen (1988), ardl, pessaran and shin(1998), philips and hansen(1990), have been used to find out the effects of variables such as government expenditures(the component of public deman...

This paper synthesizes recent advances in the theoretical and empirical literature on capital controls. We start by observing that international flows have both benefits costs, but some of these are not internalized individual actors thus constitute externalities. The has identified pecuniary externalities aggregate demand respectively contribute to financial instability recessions. These provi...

This study enrolled 291 patients diagnosed with depression and schizophrenia (F32, F33, F20 according to ICD-10) 227 ethnicity-matched control subjects. We analyzed the distribution of BDNF rs6265 rs962369 genotypes, finding no significant associations between these schizophrenia. revealed a increase in risk single-episode major disorder (MDD) for minor allele homozygotes (CC vs. TT+TC), an ass...

Using a small open economy framework, we model the composition of capital inflows as the equilibrium outcome of emerging market firms’ financing decisions. We show that debt limits, equity issuing costs, and foreign direct investment search costs generate a financing premium and that the ”cheapest” source of financing depends on the phase of the business cycle and past financing decisions. The ...

We study the debt dynamics and sustainable debt for an open economy which borrows from abroad in order to "nance consumption. To service the debt the country may exploit a renewable resource. We show that there is for every resource stock R a critical level BH(R) of debt above which debt tends to in"nity but below which it may be steered to zero. We demonstrate how to compute BH(R) using an ODE...

This paper focuses on two core tax design issues that arise in addressing current fiscal challenges. It first explores the idea, prominent in troubled Eurozone countries, of a “fiscal devaluation”: shifting from social contributions to the VAT as a way to mimic a nominal devaluation. Empirical evidence is presented which suggests that in Eurozone countries this may indeed improve the trade bala...

This study investigates an adjustment process in the bilateral trade balances of five countries within the Caribbean, with their largest trading partner, namely the United States. Unlike previous studies, this study controls for oil prices which play a vital role in the countries’ trade balances. A panel econometric technique was utilized using annual data over the period 19802012. Analysis of ...

In this paper I deal with a number of issues related to financial instability in Latin America. I first discuss, from a macroeconomic research perspective, what I believe are some of the most important policy issues faced by the Latin American nations. These include the effectiveness of controls on capital inflows, the effect of exchange rate depreciation on output, and the international transm...

Many emerging economies have experienced current account reversals followed by large declines in economic activity. These sudden stops are reflected in their real interest rates, which alternate between tranquil times, when the level is relatively low and stable, and crises, during which interest rates are higher and more volatile. We embed an estimated regime switching process of interest rate...