A fence post design, when viewed on a plot of index of refraction versus film thickness, has thin (usually of equal thickness) high-index posts that stand above a broad low-index ground. Monitoring fence post and related posthole designs offers error compensation and error reduction. There tend to be two or more extrema within the optical monitoring trace of each layer between the fence posts t...

Evolutionary game theory is one of the key paradigms behind many scientific disciplines from science to engineering. In complex networks, because of the difficulty of formulating the replicator dynamics, most of the previous studies are confined to a numerical level. In this paper, we introduce a vectorial formulation to derive three classes of individuals' payoff analytically. The three classe...

A combined blast fence is introduced in this paper to improve the solid blast fences and louvered ones. Experiments of the jet engine exhaust flow (hereinafter jet flow for short) field and tests of three kinds of blast fences in two positions were carried out. The results show that the pressure and temperature at the centre of the jet flow decrease gradually as the flow moves farther away from...

Concentrated herbivory by elk (Cervus elaphus) can degrade vegetative communities and alter ecosystem processes. Areas severely damaged by elk are commonly protected with woven wire fence, which can exclude other animals. Complete exclusion and prevention of large mammal herbivory might not always be necessary to restore vegetative communities. We designed and evaluated a simple fence that excl...

Demand for commercial bee (Apis mellifera) services recently has increased, resulting in greater use of mobile apiaries for crop pollination. When commercial apiaries are moved into areas occupied by black bears (Ursus americanus), conflicts between beekeepers and bears sometimes occur. Commercial pollination often involves moving apiaries among agricultural fields, and, thus, permanent fencing...

The combined effect of shear and buoyancy on dispersion behind a fence is examined. Stable turbulent boundary layers up to Rigrad 1⁄4 0.2 are generated by a recycle method. The fence affects concentrations up to at least 100 obstacle heights downstream. The decay of maximum velocity and temperature deficit is independent of stability. The decay in maximum concentration excess decreases appreciably

What are the effects of snow fence variables on wind patterns, and geometry and volume of snow collected in drifts? This question arose from a need to capture winter’s blowing snow to improve water supply during a drought and to protect critical areas from blowing snow. Last year, during the first phase of this project, various powders were tested to find which would closely replicate snow in a...

BACKGROUND Angle-stable locking plates have improved the surgical management of fractures. However, locking implants are costly and removal can be difficult. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of a newly proposed crossed-screw concept ("Fence") utilizing conventional (non-locked) implants in comparison to conventional LC-DCP (limited contact dynamic com...

Cover Art Caption: Odor emission from swine facilities is a major issue for the pork industry. Here, air samples are taken to determine the impact of reducing dietary crude protein concentration through the use of crystalline amino acids on odor emission into building air. The effects of type of housing (stalls versus pens) and method of heat detection (fence-line boar exposure conducted in-pla...

Global Positioning System (GPS)-based virtual fences offer the potential to improve the management of grazing animals. Prototype collar devices utilising patented virtual fencing algorithms were placed on six Angus heifers in a 6.15 hectare paddock. After a "no fence" period, sequential, shifting virtual fences restricted the animals to 40%, 60%, and 80% of the paddock area widthways and 50% le...