OBJECTIVES The purposes of this investigation were to determine the frequencies of and associations between different neurodevelopmental disorders and to study the potential lasting effects of alcohol on children adopted from eastern Europe. METHODS In a population-based, prospective, observational, multidisciplinary, cross-sectional, cohort study of 71 children adopted from eastern Europe, c...

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal spectrum disorders (FASDs) are caused by prenatal exposure (PAE). They cause epigenetic changes, permanent neurodevelopmental deficits, anomalies in growth facial structure. This article enforces the need for health social care professionals to have a greater understanding awareness of how FAS FASD may impact on individual, family community, enable them pr...