BACKGROUND Although in many countries child abuse reporting is mandated, Iranian nurses report abused cases voluntary. Some of the cases are reported to the police and others are referred to welfare organizations or other non-governmental organizations. Absence of a uniform reporting system along with a lack of legal support in the specific cultural context of Iran has resulted challenges for t...

today, more than ever, “multi-national marriages” are taking place, consequently many of the rules of citizenship have changed. many countries have accepted the equality of citizenship for each party of marriage in a multi-national family and have orientated from “unity of nationality” to the “independence of nationality”. therefore, each parent can pass her nationality through it, and most cou...

law is the follower of social changes and its final main aim is to make law system of relation resulted from. simultaneously by human social improvements in the field of communication in recent decades- which calls the present age the age of communication- a concept names electronic government has formed and has changed the model of general services presentation. the entrance of technical infor...

recent developments and newly-discovered methods for infertility treatment including in vitro fertilization and third party reproduction raise many questions and challenges with different ethical, legal, sociological and psychological dimensions. in islamic countries, despite great developments in using this technology, the questions concerned with recognition of ivf methods and third party rep...

Embryo donation was one of the infertility treatment methods introduced to the Iranian legal system in 2003 (Act of Embryo Donation) and its by-law passed in 2005 after numerous discussions. Embryo donation is a new legal issue in Iran. No similar act has been previously legislated in the legal system; however, on the other hand, the importance of the judicial procedure in its execution cannot ...

unlike patent, there are not clear legal rules to protect know how in iranian law, then intellectual property law theories require to afford protection to know haw and its owner. the protection rules may be provided under contractual bases or under law. approaches of legal systems towards the terms and rules of the protection are different. in iranian legal system some protection rules are foun...

the financial crisis have caused many writers to become concerned with the effectiveness of existing bankruptcy laws, which encompasses both the usefulness of reorganization and liquidation laws, as well as efficiency of the judicial system to uphold the laws in court. this concern accompanied in our legal system with the privatization movement has caused many banks owned by the government to b...

ELO is the key performance indicator in chess, a global and worldwide measure of chess skills and strength of chess play. Since their invention, ELO-systems are intended to be comparable and unbiased, so that chess players can know their level of play and can compare it among systems and internationally. Moreover, ELO is the defining feature of grandmasters with legal implications. Thus, it is ...

assistive technologies have always opened new horizons in human’s life, posed solutions to problems and brought relief and prosperity for human beings. iranian judicial authorities have recently recognized the importance of medical technologies. accordingly, iranian legal system has recognized surrogacy and a surrogacy contract seems unavoidable for surrogacy to be legally valid, socially accep...