We wanted to examine whether a relation between foraging strategy, morphology, the mechanics of tongue protrusion, and prey chemical detection and discrimination exists in agamid lizards. Tongue-flick behavior was observed in two species of this family: Uromastix acanthinurus and Plocederma stellio. Potential prey chemical discrimination by means of tongue flicking was examined by using applica...

The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa were chewed as a substitute to opium in Thailand and Malaysia. A study was therefore undertaken to compare the antinociceptive activity of morphine and paracetamol to that of mitragynine, a major constituent of fresh leaves of M. speciosa. The tests employed were acetic acid induced writhings, hot tail-flick and cold tail flick. All test drugs were administered ...

1. The effects of altering sensory input on the motoneuronal activity underlying antennular flicking have been tested. 2. Removal of the short segments of the outer flagellum results in a reduction of the number of spikes/burst in the fast flexor motoneurones A31F and A32F. 3. During a flick the delay between the burst in motoneurone A31F and the burst in motoneurone A32F is insensitive to alte...

We have studied the effects of three different types of calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem, and nicardipine) on local lignocaine sensory block. The standardized tail flick test was used to measure the duration and degree of lignocaine-induced conduction block in rats. After obtaining baseline tail flick latencies (mean 3.2 s), two 100-microliter doses of 0.3% lignocaine alone, a com...

The present study aims to investigate the analgesic activity of the methanol extract of the galls of Quercus infectoria in rats using hot plate and tail-flick methods. The extract was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg while morphine sulfate and sodium salicylate (10 mg/kg) served as standards. The methanol extract exhibited significant analgesic activity in the tail-flick mod...

The effects of the tricyclic antidepressants desipramine HCI and chlorimipramine HCI on buprenorphine HCI antinociceptive activity were studied in mice using the hot-plate and the tail-flick methods. In the hot-plate test, desipramine caused a transient antinociceptive effect at low doses, but it decreased buprenorphine analgesia. Chlorimipramine in this test caused a more sustained antinocicep...

This study investigated the antinociceptive mechanisms of khat extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, i.p.) in four pain models: two thermic (hot plate, tail-flick) and two chemical (acetic acid, formalin) models. Male mice were pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the opioid receptor blocker naloxone (5 mg/kg), the cholinergic antagonist atropine (2 mg/kg), the selective α1 blocker prazosin (1 ...