The submerged, floating, and emergent vascular flora of Lake East Okoboji, Dickenson County, Iowa, was surveyed by the senior author in the summer of 1961, with collections made at 21 stations. Emergent species and one hybrid, and 7 submerged or floating species were found. A comparison is made with a 1915 survey in which a very rich flora of about 18 emergents and 26 submerged or floating spec...

Marine biofouling is a major concern in the operational performance of submerged floating tunnels (SFTs). The objective this research to investigate effects marine fouling (represented by surface roughness) on hydrodynamic behavior SFTs, including forces SFT subject current-only, wave-only, and combined current-wave flow conditions. increased roughness induced dynamic response an are characteri...

A submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is a structure that has been proposed as an innovative solution for waterway crossings around the world. However, to this day, no SFT constructed yet. One of main reasons there insufficient insight into structural reliability SFT. Here, method assess expected response under traffic loads and assessment results presented. To do this, models are coupled. The meth...

In this study, the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) optimization is carried out to reduce resonant motion of Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) under wave excitations. The SFT dynamics evaluated in frequency domain; a new approach cost-effectively optimizing TMD parameters for moored system suggested. Discrete-Module-Beam (DMB) method used model Tunnel; mooring lines are included as equivalent stiffness ma...