Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) have been increasing steadily over the last century. Plants grown under elevated CO(2) experience physiological changes that influence their suitability as food. Previous studies have found increased insect herbivory on plants grown under elevated CO(2). To determine effects of consuming foliage of soybean (Glycine max) grown under elevated CO(2) on ...

Eight male cattle of the Local Yellow breed with an average live weight of 121 kg and an average age of 18 months were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage supplementation on mineral metabolism in growing cattle fed rice straw and para grass as basal diet. Rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% DM of BW compris...

Various cultivars of Perilla frutescens (L.) (var. crispa and var. frutescens) Britt. were harvested in China and Japan. They were easily differentiated on the basis of their foliage color, that varied from red to green. Water extracts of dried plants were investigated for their antioxidant activity (AA) and their polyphenolic compounds compared. Among them, cinnamic acid derivatives (coumaroyl...

The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of a plant’s foliage to the total plant’s hydrodynamic drag. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory flume using samples of vegetation with different physical forms and biomechanical properties: Branches of pine Pinus sylvestris and ivy stipes Glechoma hederacea . The drag force was measured directly using a strain gauge technique...

We render tree foliage levels of detail (LODs) using a new adaptation of billboard clouds. Our contributions are a simple and efficient billboard cloud creation algorithm designed specifically for tree foliage, and a method for smooth transitions between LODs. The cloud creation algorithm performs stochastic search to find a set of billboards that approximate the base mesh. Billboard clouds off...

The growth of trees and other plants occurs through the interactive combination of photosynthesis and carbon (and other nutrient) assimilation. Photosynthesis enables the production of carbohydrate that can then be used in growing foliage, whereby photosynthesis is enabled. We construct a mathematical model of carbon uptake and storage, which allows the prediction of the growth dynamics of tree...

The late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans can attack both potato foliage and tubers. When inoculated with P. infestans, foliage of nontransformed 'Russet Burbank' (WT) develops late blight disease while that of transgenic 'Russet Burbank' line SP2211 (+RB) does not. We compared the foliar transcriptome responses of these two lines to P. infestans inoculation using an RNA-seq approach. A t...

Spring Autumn Summer FOLIAGE DAY FOLIAGE NIGHT GROUND NIGHT GROUND -DAY ALFALFA a r t i c l e i n f o

Spray adjuvants can be employed in the foliar application of fertiliser to ensure adhesion of aqueous sprays to the waxy surfaces of foliage (wetters), to improve coverage of spray on foliage (spreaders), to minimise weathering of fertiliser deposits on foliage (stickers/extenders), and to increase the uptake of fertiliser into foliage (humectants, pH modifiers, and penetrants). Even with impro...

We examined effects of a first nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on upper-canopy needle morphology and gas exchange in ~20-m-tall loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) exposed to elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) for 9 years. Duke Forest free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) plots were split and half of each ring fertilized with 112 kg ha –1 elemental N applied in two applications in March a...