For the treatment of foliar diseases of cereals, fungicides may be applied as foliar sprays or systemic seed treatments which are translocated to leaves. Little research has been done to assess the resistance risks associated with foliar-acting systemic seed treatments when used alone or in combination with foliar sprays, even though both types of treatment may share the same mode of action. It...

Fusarium virguliforme causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean. The pathogen has never been isolated from diseased foliar tissues; therefore, one or more toxins have been considered to cause foliar SDS development. Cell-free F. virguliforme culture filtrates containing a toxin causes foliar SDS in soybean. A low-molecular-weight protein of approximately 13.5 kDa (FvTox1), purified from F. ...

Recent studies have demonstrated that natural abundance N can be a useful tool for assessing nitrogen saturation, because as nitrification and nitrate loss increase, dN of foliage and soil also increases. We measured foliar dN at 11 high-elevation spruce-fir stands along an N deposition gradient in 1987e1988 and at seven paired northern hardwood and spruce-fir stands in 1999. In 1999, foliar dN...

Background: Many Mexican Ternstroemia species mainly inhabit the tropical montane cloud forest. These have been misidentified in herbaria due to their morphological resemblance.
 Question: Are there foliar anatomical and micromorphological characters with diagnostic value that allow discriminating between of Ternstroemia?
 Study species: sylvatica Schltdl. & Cham., T. lineata DC. ...

Ratios of nitrogen (N) isotopes in leaves could elucidate underlying patterns of N cycling across ecological gradients. To better understand global-scale patterns of N cycling, we compiled data on foliar N isotope ratios (delta(15)N), foliar N concentrations, mycorrhizal type and climate for over 11,000 plants worldwide. Arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and ericoid mycorrhizal plants we...

Despite worldwide reports of high tree mortality, growing evidence indicates that many species are well adapted to survive repeated dry spells. The drought resilience trees is related their phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation. Whether these two mechanisms act at the same organisational level a involve similar plant traits still unknown. We assessed differentiation across four pop...

Foliar respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration, yet extrapolations are often uncertain in tropical forests because of indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI). A portable tower was used to directly measure LAI and night-time foliar respiration from 52 vertical transects throughout an old-growth tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In this study, we (1) explored the effects o...