Purpose This article aims to analyze possible interpretations of democratic leadership by revealing the implicit theory (ILT) a moral, material and political ideal democracy, namely deliberative–participatory democracy (DPD), aggregative–pluralist (APD) leader (LD). As special “filters,” ILT helps author organize compare conflicting premises assumptions theories hold about exemplary followershi...

Followers have often been reported as recipients in previous leadership studies and usually associated with negative connotations. Drawing from self-determination theory (SDT) social exchange theory, we argued that followers can be proactive followership behaviors are positively related to leader–follower relationships. The purpose of this study was examine how promote job performance terms per...

This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions that are not part of mainstream theory. First, leading and following are strategies that evolved for solving social coordination problems in ancestral environments, including in particular the problems of group movement, intragroup peacekeeping, and intergroup competition. Second, the r...