0. Introduction Many people understand the expression “formal logic” as meaning modern mathematical logic by opposition to traditional logic before the revolution that happened in the second part of the 19 century with Boole, Frege and others. But in fact this expression was created by Kant (see Scholz 1931). Some people like to quote a excerpt of the preface of the second edition of the Critic...

This paper discusses how the basic notions of formal logic can be expressed in terms of argumentation and how formal classical (or deductive) reasoning can be captured as a dialectic argumentation process. Classical propositional logical entailment of a formula is understood via the wining arguments between those supporting the formula and arguments supporting its contradictory or negated formu...

Introduction Logic, for Husserl as for his predecessor Bolzano, is a theory of science. Where Bolzano, however, conceives scientific theories very much in Platonistic terms, as collections of propositions existing outside space and time, Husserl defends a theory of science which takes seriously the project of understanding how scientific theories are related to specific sorts of activities of c...

We were well programmed long ago to do this arithmetic, and yet it is quite the most mysterious subject. A positive integer is said to be a prime if it is not equal to one, and if it has no integer factors other than itself and one. Here we see that 12 is factored into the product of the prime numbers 2 and 3. Factorization into primes is unique (a nice matter to prove and one of the first basi...

We generalize precisiated natrual language by establishing a formal logic as a generalized precisiation language. In this formal logic, each proposition has a form that reflects a syntactic structure observed in natural language. Various syntactic structures are incorporated in the formal logic so that it precisiates not only perceptual propositions but also action-related propositions. The syn...