When a minimum on the potential energy surface is surrounded by multiple saddle points with similar energy barriers, the transition pathways with greater prefactors are more important than those that have similar energy barriers but smaller prefactors. In this paper, we present a theoretical formulation for the prefactors, computing the probabilities for transition paths from a minimum to its s...

In recent years, governments of several low-income countries have taken decisive action by removing fully or partially user fees in the health sector. In this study, we review recent reforms in six sub-Saharan African countries: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal and Uganda. The review describes the processes and strategies through which user fee removal reforms have been implemente...

astigmatism’s defect has not yet been formulated in physics and medical physics books theoretically. in this paper, we are trying to formulate the astigmatism’s defect. the results of formulation show that “the degree of astigmatism is negative reverse the distance that vision’s condition of astigmatism’s chart lines change conditions in dimness angle from dimness condition at infinite distance...

the aim of this study was to investigate developmental barriers of sport for all in selected state universities of tehran city and to present strategies to developing it. the method of this study was descriptive-correlation and application in terms of aim. the statistical population consisted of all male and female faculty members of faculties of physical education and sport sciences of selecte...

2014 The authors present a theoretical treatment of the resonant tunneling phenomenon in Schottky barriers including deep traps whose potentials are represented by Dirac 03B4 functions. It is shown that in this case the quantum treatment of the tunneling effect leads to exactly the same result as that obtained when applying a more phenomenological formulation of the problem similar to the one u...

Extracellular and intracellular barriers typically prevent non-viral gene vectors from having an effective transfection efficiency. Formulation of a gene delivery vehicle that can overcome the barriers is a key step for successful tissue regeneration. We have developed a novel core-shelled DNA nanoparticle by invoking solvent-induced condensation of plasmid DNA (beta-galactosidase or GFP) in a ...

BACKGROUND It is not fully understood why healthcare decision-makers of developing countries often give low priority to infection control and why they are unable to implement international guidelines. This study aimed to identify the main perceived challenges and barriers that hinder the effective implementation of infection control programmes in Mongolia. METHODS In 2008, qualitative researc...

abstractgene therapy is a therapeutic approach to deliver genetic material into cells to alter their function in entire organism. one promising form of gene delivery system (dds) is liposomes. the success of liposome-mediated gene delivery is a multifactorial issue and well-designed liposomal systems might lead to optimized gene transfection particularly in vivo. liposomal gene delivery systems...

BACKGROUND Every year many organizations formulate a Code of Ethics (COE) but when it comes to implementing, it does not achieve the desired purposes. Ineffectiveness of COEs can stem from different factors and surely, one of them is bad formulation. This research was conducted to identify the barriers to effective formulation of COEs in one of the main state universities of medical sciences in...