OBJECTIVE To use forward dynamic simulations of forward and backward pedaling in order to determine whether backward pedaling offers theoretical advantages over forward pedaling to rehabilitate common knee disorders.DESIGN. A comparison of knee joint loads was performed during forward and backward pedaling.BACKGROUND. Pedaling has been shown to be an effective rehabilitation exercise for a vari...

in this paper, financial services in the iranian as a sector with a leontief production function, this sector buys inputs from other sectors for its productions and provides services to expedite the cash fellows and risk transformation to other sectors, the first relations are called backward linkage and the later relations are called forward linkage, for quantification of the linkage , employm...