Fractal antennas have and are continuing to receive attention in regard the future of wireless communications. This is because their wide- multi-band capabilities, opportunity fractal geometries drive multiple resonances, and, ability make smaller lighter with fewer components radiative elements higher gains. Small scale (i.e. on micro- nano-scale) ultra high frequency (in Terahertz or THz rang...

This paper presents the four iterative circular shaped fractal antenna and its backscattering RCS with respect to iteration. First, the solid circular patch antenna has been designed on substrate εr = 2.2, h=0.787 mm with a = 40.766 mm and aspect ratio b/a = 0.98. The antenna has been simulated using FDTD method. The resonant frequency of this antenna has been observed at 1.42 GHz. The four ite...

The surface wave losses in the patch antenna reduces the bandwidth and gain of the patch antenna. This problem is overcame by use of frequency selective surface. the FSS has a variety of applications in antennas. The FSS is constructed with periodic arrays of metallic patches of arbitrary geometries or slots within metallic screens. FSS geometries are designed by rings, square loops and fractal...

In this paper, built-up land expansion patterns and the associated factors were characterized in urban and non-urban areas across the Wen-Tai region of eastern China. Fractal dimension can be used as a reliable indicator of the complexity of built-up land form, and the increasing trend of fractal dimension indicated a more complex, dispersed pattern of built-up land in urban areas. Spatial regr...

This paper investigates the spatial heterogeneity of three landscapes along an altitudinal gradient and different human land use. The main aim was the identification of appropriate landscape indicators using different extents. ASTER image was used to create a land cover map consisting of three landscapes which differed in altitude and land use. A number of landscape metrics quantifying patch co...

The fractal antennas that have the multiband operation due to the self-similar property in fractal geometry, which plays a key role to create a fractal circular monopole patch antenna. The other important property that is, Space-filling property which actually determines the reduction in the size of the antenna. This property adds more electrical length in less volume which reduces the size of ...