there were some great scientists like austin and searle in the growth stage of pragmatics, especially searle who has offered an executive procedure was completed by some discourse analysis elements, and it has completed the speech acts theory of austin. this survey considers the sermon of jihad in nahj ul-baläghah book by using its speech acts. by considering five speech acts, their direct and...

I In this paper we present algorithms for the interpretation and generation of a kind of particu-larized conversational implicature occurring in certain indirect replies. Our algorithms make use of discourse expectations, discourse plans, and discourse relations. The algorithms calculate implica-tures of discourse units of one or more sentences. Our approach has several advantages. First, by ta...

This paper develops a threshold-based semantics for the Turkish indirect evidential marker, then shows that this marker’s behavior in interrogatives, so-called interrogative flip, follows from the structure of discourse as formulated by models that incorporate speaker commitment. I first establish that the indirect evidential marks information for which a speaker’s evidence is at best second-be...

Meta-language utterances, i.e. utterances about other utterances, are ubiquitous in every type of human discourse, from unconstrained multi-party conversations to task-oriented man-machine dialogues. Several examples of meta-language communication are analyzed, identifying the complexities that a cognitively plausible discourse model should address. Meta-language utterances are investigated in ...

This research examines the thesis that religiosity has conflicting influences on Americans' attitudes about the use of torture on terrorism suspects: an organic influence favoring opposition to torture and a discursively driven influence favoring support of torture. In each of two national samples, religiosity had both a direct effect toward opposition to torture and an indirect effect-via cons...

Critical Discourse Analysis uncovers the relationship between discourse, ideology, and power. This study investigated and analyzed contents, social relations, and subject positions in conversations of four popular advanced ELT textbooks. The findings indicated that for contents, giving/asking for information and interaction were outstandingly significant. Regarding social relations, friend was ...

The purpose of this article is to present a study of metaphorical expressions in the Swedish forest-discourse, and thereby, to demonstrate a special function of metaphorical constructions in discourse, that is, to indicate contexts relevant to ongoing discourse. Traditionally, theorizing about metaphorical expressions has lacked considerations of discourse processes and temporary contexts, and,...

Presuppositions are perspective-sensitive: They may be evaluated with respect to the beliefs of a salient protagonist. This happens not only in well-known cases perspective shift such as free indirect discourse, but also when is less obvious, still present, examples so-called protagonist projection. In this paper, I show that simple observation explains many puzzling facts noted connection pres...