The parabrachial complex, which plays an important role in respiratory regulation, has been reported to send projection fibers to the phrenic nucleus, but the synaptic organization between the parabrachial fibers and the phrenic motoneurons has not been examined. Using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods, we found in the rat that the parabrachial fibers originating mainly from the Köllik...

The "pneumotaxic center" in the Kölliker-Fuse and medial parabrachial nuclei of dorsolateral pons (dl-pons) plays an important role in respiratory phase switching, modulation of respiratory reflex, and rhythmogenesis. Recent electrophysiological and neural tracing data implicate additional pneumotaxic nuclei in (and a broader role for) the dl-pons in integrating respiratory and nonrespiratory i...

The distribution of the somatostatin was studied by immunohistochemistry on serial sections of the 56 brain stems from subjects aged from 30 gestational weeks to 12 postnatal months, dying of both known and unknown causes. The unexplained deaths included 13 sudden intrauterine deaths, 4 sudden neonatal deaths and 24 sudden infant deaths. We observed intense somatostatin positivity in the cell b...

The sexual stage of Aspergillus (Emericella) nidulans consists of cleistothecia containing asci, each with eight ascospores. The fungus completes the sexual cycle in a homokaryotic or a heterokaryotic mycelium, respectively. The common assumption for the last 50 years was that different nuclear types are not distinguishable when sexual development is initiated. When cultured on a medium limited...