according to the global fuel crisis, it seems necessary to use alternative fuel instead of gasoline. since the natural gas is cheaper, have higher frequency than gasoline and less pollution, it is a suitable fuel. many efforts have been done in order to replace gasoline with natural gas. one of the methods is to inject natural gas and gasoline fuel simultaneously and to use the benefits of both...

BACKGROUND Evidence internationally suggests that staffing constraints and non-supportive work environments result in the rationing of nursing interventions (that is, limiting or omitting interventions for particular patients), which in turn may influence patient outcomes. In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), preliminary studies have found that discharge preparation and infant comfort ca...

The costs of shortages and rationing are not captured by standard consumer price indices. In this study, virtual prices for the rationed goods are used to calculate a new cost-of-living index (CLI). The results for Poland show that from 1987 to 1992 the CLI that ignores the rationing effects is biased upward from 3.6 to 6.99 percentage points per year. Compared to the welfare loss calculated by...

Society should not accept the inevitability of rationing medical resources, at least not in the short term. Because of the high degree of waste and duplication that characterize the Canadian and, even more, the American healthcare system, the invitation to focus on rationing procedures known to be useful is likely to divert attention from the need to eliminate waste. If and when extensive ratio...

This paper compares and contrasts three different substantive (as opposed to procedural) principles of justice for making health care priority-setting or "rationing" decisions: need principles, maximising principles and egalitarian principles. The principles are compared by tracing out their implications for a hypothetical rationing decision involving four identified patients. This decision has...

This paper measures excess labor supply in equilibrium. We induce hiring shocks—which employ 24 percent of the force external month-long jobs—in Indian local markets. In peak months, wages increase instantaneously and aggregate employment declines. lean consistent with severe rationing, are unchanged, positive spillovers on remaining workers, indicating that over a quarter is rationed. At least...

D pricing offers the potential to increase revenues. At the same time, it creates an incentive for customers to strategize over the timing of their purchases. A firm should ideally account for this behavior when making its pricing and stocking decisions. In particular, we investigate whether it is optimal for a firm to create rationing risk by deliberately understocking products. Then, the resu...

The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley’s seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the ...