Traits that are influenced by a configuration—rather than by a simple sum—of polymorphic genes may not be seen to be genetic unless one studies monozygotic twins (who share all their genes and thus all gene configurations) because such "emergenic" traits will tend not to run in families. Personal idiosyncrasies that have been found to be surprisingly concordant among MZ twins separated in infan...

Why do species not adapt to ever-wider ranges of conditions, gradually expanding their ecological niche and geographic range? Gene flow across environments has two conflicting effects: although it increases genetic variation, which is a prerequisite for adaptation, gene flow may swamp adaptation to local conditions. In 1956, Haldane proposed that, when the environment varies across space, "swam...

Wheat sharp eyespot, primarily caused by a soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, has become one of the most serious diseases of wheat in China. In this study, an ethylene response factor (ERF) gene from a wheat relative Thinopyrum intermedium, TiERF1, was characterized further, transgenic wheat lines expressing TiERF1 were developed, and the resistance of the transgenic wheat lines against R....

In this paper we consider a family of active scalars with velocity field given by u = ? ? 1 + ? ? ? ? , for ? ( 0 ) . This equations is more singular version the two-dimensional Surface Quasi-Geostrophic (SQG) equation, which would correspond to We evolution sharp fronts studying families almost-sharp fronts. These are smooth solutions simple geometry in transition solution occurs tubular neigh...

The Kolmogorov Zero-One law states that for tail events on infinite-dimensional probability spaces, the probability must be either zero or one. Behavior analogous in a natural sense to this exists on finite-dimensional spaces as well. Events exhibiting this behavior are said to have a sharp threshold. Let Qn = {0, 1}n be the discrete hypercube with the probability measure Pp defined by Pp(ω1, ω...