Many theories of judicial politics have at their core the concepts of legal significance, doctrinal development and evolution, and the dynamics of precedent. Despite rigorous theoretical conceptualization, these concepts remain empirically elusive. We propose the use of a genealogical model (or “family tree”) to describe the Court’s construction of precedent over time. We describe statistical a...

We introduce the genealogy of a random sample of genes taken from a large haploid population that evolves according to random reproduction with selection and mutation. Without selection, the genealogy is described by Kingman's well-known coalescent process. In the selective case, the genealogy of the sample is embedded in a graph with a coalescing and branching structure. We describe this graph...

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It is presented a different way for representing documents in information retrieval systems. The relation degree between the index term pairs which describe the document is proposed as the main factor to represent a document. This document representation approach is based on two kinds of different relations between

In cases where genetic sequence data are collected together with associated physical traits it is natural to want to link patterns observed in the trait values to the underlying genealogy of the individuals. If the traits correspond to specific phenotypes, we may wish to associate specific mutations with changes observed in phenotype distributions, whereas if the traits concern spatial informat...

Abstract The use of the symbol $\mathbin {\boldsymbol {\vee }}$ for disjunction in formal logic is ubiquitous. Where did it come from? paper details evolution its historical and logical context. Some sources say that as connecting propositions or formulas was introduced by Peano; others suggest originated an abbreviation Latin word “or,” vel . We show origin can be traced to Whitehead Russell’s...