in this paper, a general solution for torsion of hollow cylinders made of functionally graded materials (fgm) was investigated. the problem was formulated in terms of prandtl’s stress and, in general, the shear stress and angle of twist were derived. variations in the material properties such as young’s modulus and poisson’s ratio might be arbitrary functions of the radial coordinate. various m...

in this paper, the conjugate gradient method coupled with adjoint problem is used in order to solve the inverse heat conduction problem and estimation of the time- dependent heat flux using the temperature distribution at a point in a three layer system with none homogeneous boundary conditions. also, the effect of noisy data on final solution is studied. for solving this problem the general co...

In General Relativity the Principle of General Covariance allows one to describe phenomena by means of any convenient choice of coordinate system. In this paper it is shown that the geodetic precession of a gyroscope orbiting a spherically symmetric, nonrotating mass can be recast as a Lense-Thirring frame-dragging effect, in an appropriately chosen coordinate frame whose origin falls freely al...

Although mumps virus (MV) is considered antigenically monotypic, twelve different genotypes of MV based on genetic variation in the SH gene (A to L) are currently recognised by the WHO. Both dominance of a single genotype and co-circulation of different genotypes in the same geographical area, as well as temporal replacement of genotypes have been described in different countries. The different...