This paper introduces and justifies a similaritybased concept of strict fuzzy orderings and provides constructions how fuzzy orderings can be transformed into strict fuzzy orderings and vice versa. We demonstrate that there is a meaningful correspondence between fuzzy orderings and strict fuzzy orderings. Unlike the classical case, however, we do not obtain a general one-to-one correspondence. ...

Abstract Following J. S. Rose, a subgroup ???? of group ???? is said to be contranormal in if G = H G=H^{G} . It well known that finite nilpotent and only it has no proper subgroups. We study nilpotent-by-?ernikov groups with Furthermore, we the structure ...

In this paper we introduce the concept of α-commutator which its definition is based on generalized conjugate classes. With this notion, α-nilpotent groups, α-solvable groups, nilpotency and solvability of groups related to the automorphism are defined. N(G) and S(G) are the set of all nilpotency classes and the set of all solvability classes for the group G with respect to different automorphi...

Let G be a group. The orbits of the natural action \({{\,\mathrm{Aut}\,}}(G)\) on are called automorphism G, and number is denoted by \(\omega (G)\). virtually nilpotent group such that (G)< \infty \). We prove \(G = K \rtimes H\) where H torsion subgroup torsion-free radicable characteristic G. Moreover, we \(G^{'}= D \times {{\,\mathrm{Tor}\,}}(G^{'})\) subgroup. In particular, if maximum nor...

Let C be a class of groups, closed under taking subgroups and quotients. We prove that if all metabelian groups of C are torsion-by-nilpotent, then all soluble groups of C are torsion-by-nilpotent. From that, we deduce the following consequence, similar to a well-known result of P. Hall: if H is a normal subgroup of a group G such that H and G/H ′ are (locally finite)-by-nilpotent, then G is (l...

in which GiCG and Gi+1/Gi ⊂ Z(G/Gi) for all i. We call G solvable if it admits a normal series (1.1) in which Gi+1/Gi is abelian for all i. Every nilpotent group is solvable. Nilpotent groups include finite p-groups, and some theorems about p-groups extend to nilpotent groups (e.g., any nontrivial normal subgroup of a nilpotent group has a nontrivial intersection with the center). There is a la...

We introduce the notion of N-topo nilpotent fuzzy set in a fuzzy neighborhood ring and develop some fundamental results. Here we show that a fuzzy neighborhood ring is locally inversely bounded if and only if for all 0 < α < 1, the α-level topological rings are locally inversely bounded. This leads us to prove a characterization theorem which says that if a fuzzy neighborhood ring on a division...

Let G = A ∗H B be the generalized free product of the groups A and B with the amalgamated subgroup H. Also, let λ(G) and ψ(G) represent the lower near Frattini subgroup of G and the near Frattini subgroup of G respectively. We show that G is ψ−free provided: (i) G is any ordinary free product of groups; (ii) G = A ∗H B and there exists an element c in G\H such thatH ∩H = 1; (iii) G = A ∗H B and...

Let $K$ be a subgroup of finite group $G$ . The probability that an element commutes with is denoted by $Pr(K,G)$ Assume $Pr(K,G)\geq \epsilon$ for some fixed $\epsilon &gt;0$ We show there normal $T\leq G$ and $B\leq K$ such the indices $[G:T]$ $[K:B]$ order commutator $[T,B]$ are $\epsilon$ -bounded. This extends well-known theorem, due to P. M. Neumann, covers case where $K=G$ deduce number ...