Introducing the unique characteristics of the international marine transport industry, this paper examines whether load capacity is excessive or insufficient in the presence of uncertainty on the future economic situation in terms of both welfare of one country and global welfare. We also consider the effect of alliances and the application of antitrust immunity on capacity building of shipping...

Knowing the strategy of an opponent in a competitive environment conveys obvious evolutionary advantages. But this information is costly, and the benefit of being informed may not necessarily offset the additional cost. Here we introduce social dilemmas with informed strategies, and we show that this gives rise to two cyclically dominant triplets that form defensive alliances. The stability of ...

As a generalization of the three-strategy Rock-Scissors-Paper game dynamics in space, cyclical interaction models of six mutating species are studied on a square lattice, in which each species is supposed to have two dominant, two subordinated, and a neutral interacting partner. Depending on their interaction topologies, all imaginable systems can be classified into four (isomorphic) groups exh...

Secure sets were introduced by Brigham, Dutton, and Hedetniemi [1] as an extension of defensive alliances in a graph. Members of a defensive alliance have agreed to come to the aid of their neighbors in the alliance for mutual protection from attack by nonmembers. Alliances can occur, for example, between nations, biological sequences, and business cartels, and also have been used to model a va...

This study analyzes international strategic alliances in the information industry. The purpose of this study is to clarify the strategic intention of an international alliance. Secondly, it investigates the influence of differences in the target markets of partner companies on alliances. Using an international strategy theory approach to analyze the global strategies of global companies, the st...