For a connected graph G = (V, E) of order at least two, subset T minimum total monophonic set S is forcing for if the unique containing . A cardinality S. The number ftm(S) in ftm(G) min{ftm(S)}, where taken over all sets G. We determine bounds it and find certain classes graphs. It shown that every pair a, b positive integers with 0 ≤ < ≥ a+4, there exists such mt(G) b.

[1] Radiative forcing is a useful tool for predicting equilibrium global temperature change. However, it is not so useful for predicting global precipitation changes, as changes in precipitation strongly depend on the climate change mechanism and how it perturbs the atmospheric and surface energy budgets. Here a suite of climate model experiments and radiative transfer calculations are used to ...

Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) emitted by fossil and biomass fuels consist of black carbon (BC), a strong absorber of solar radiation, and organic matter (OM). OM scatters as well as absorbs solar radiation. The absorbing component of OM, which is ignored in most climate models, is referred to as brown carbon (BrC). Model estimates of the global CA radiative forcing range from 0 to 0.7 Wm(-2), to b...