Gold was obtained through washing or panning of the river sands during initial periods of civilisation. With the advent of knowledge of metallurgical processing of ores it was recovered through mining of in-situ quartz reefs, and then from auriferous sulphide ores. The metal mining activities are evidenced in the form of large number of ‘ancient metal mines’ or ‘old workings’ and ‘placer mining...

Collisional shortening in the external Western Alps was first accommodated by internal (distributed) deformation External Crystalline Massifs (ECM) and then on frontal crustal ramps (localized deformation). However, timing of transition between these two periods is still under-constrained, mainly because available dataset incomplete Alps. We here provide new zircon apatite fission-track (ZFT AF...

<p class="Authors">The volumes of world gold mining were reviewed. As a result the analysis, it was found that proportion placer is very insignificant. This due to fact most easily accessible reserves are substantially depleted, and development deposits with complex geological conditions, including those located in Far North, economically impractical. To solve this problem, method propose...