Most amphibians lack morphologically distinguishable sex chromosomes, but a number of experimental techniques have shown that amphibian sex determination is controlled genetically. The few studies suggesting that environment influences sex determination in amphibians have all been conducted at temperatures outside of the range normally experienced by the species under study, and these effects p...

Epidemiological data and interventional studies with hormone replacement therapy suggest that women, at least until menopause, are decreased cardiovascular risk compared to men. Still the molecular mechanisms beyond this difference debated investigation in experimental models of atherosclerosis has been pivotal prove activation estrogen receptor is atheroprotective, despite not enough explain d...

Rotational behavior induced by electrical stimulation of ascending dopamine neurons is used as a behavioral model to investigate gender and hormonal influences on extra-h)pothalamic doparmne systems. Steroid hormones influence the metabolism of many dopaminergic drugs, and therefore ihis approach avoids the complications inherent in drug-induced behavior models of dopamine activity. We found th...

Gonadal hormones not only play a pivotal role in reproductive behavior and sexual differentiation, they also contribute to thermoregulation, feeding, memory, neuronal survival, and the perception of somatosensory stimuli. Numerous studies on both animals and human subjects have also demonstrated the potential effects of gonadal hormones, such as estrogens, on pain transmission. These effects mo...