When a society wants to control aggregate emission under a certain target level, is it more desirable to impose a tax or a regulatory standard on emission? To answer this question, we explore a model where plants are heterogeneous in productivity and monopolistically competitive in the production of a set of varieties of (dirty-) goods whose by-product is emission. We establish three main resul...

In addition to decreasing feeding costs, improving the efficiency of utilization of N directly addresses the general concern regarding the environmental footprint of animal production. Excretion of N, especially urinary, may become a potential source of water and air pollution, the latter as N2O, a green-house gas, or as small particulate aerosols having a negative effect on air quality [smog; ...

THERE is a wealth of information available on alternative feeding programs for broilers, layers and turkeys, the basis of which has always been the various National Research Council (NRC) publications. The most recent such publication is Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Revised Edition, released in 1994, and so unfortunately this information is now 17 years old, which is a considerable t...

In 2007, the National Research Council (NRC) completed its first decadal survey for Earth science at the request of NASA, NOAA, and USGS.[1] The Lidar Surface Topography (LIST) mission is one of fifteen missions recommended by NRC, whose primary objectives are to map global topography and vegetation structure at 5 m spatial resolution, and to acquire global surface height mapping within a few y...

Missing data have seriously compromised inferences from clinical trials, yet the topic has received little attention in the clinical-trial community.1 Existing regulatory guidances2-4 on the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical trials have little specific advice on how to address the problem of missing data. A recent National Research Council (NRC) report5 on the topic seeks to address thi...

The National Research Council (NRC) has recently recognized the International Space Station (ISS) as uniquely suitable for furthering the study of microbial species in closed habitats. Answering the NRC's call for the study, in particular, of uncommon microbial species in the ISS, and/or of those that have significantly increased or decreased in number, space microbiologists have begun capitali...

Two different quantities have been suggested for quantification of evidence in cases where a suspect is found by a search through a database of DNA profiles. The likelihood ratio, typically motivated from a Bayesian setting, is preferred by most experts in the field. The so-called np rule has been suggested through more frequentistic arguments and has been suggested by the American National Res...

Arab intra-regional trade in agro-food accounts for more than half of the total trade, displaying strong “trade-intensity” over past decade. This indicates potential developing regional production networks aligning with region’s comparative advantage products. However, intermediates as an indicator value chain integration, has been low and sluggish due to various structural policy factors. arti...

This article characterizes and measures errors in the 2010 National Research Council (NRC) assessment of researchdoctorate programs in geography. This article provides a conceptual model for data-based sources of uncertainty and reports on a quantitative assessment of NRC research data uncertainty for a particular geography doctoral program. Findings indicate that important variables, including...