Technologies and procedures for effectively securing cyberspace exist, but are largely underdeployed. One reason for this is that organizational reward systems lack the proper incentives for decision-maker allocation of resources. We identify characteristics of differing stakeholder perceptions of security and privacy risks and integrate them in a decision making framework. We significantly rev...

this article investigates generational changes of child value and childbearing behavior among women before and after islamic revolution of iran. different generations of iranian women, based on their shared common life experiences, have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards the meaning and concept of child and childbearing. this research is cross-sectional and surv...

The problem of robust line planning requests for a set of origin-destination paths (lines) along with their traffic rates (frequencies) in an underlying railway network infrastructure, which are robust to fluctuations of real-time parameters of the solution. In this work, we investigate a variant of robust line planning stemming from recent regulations in the railway sector that introduce compe...

BACKGROUND Access to medicines and the development of a strong national pharmaceutical industry are two longstanding pillars of health policy in Brazil. This is reflected in a clear emphasis by Brazil's Federal Government on improving access to medicine in national health plans and industrial policies aimed at promoting domestic pharmaceutical development. This research proposes that such polic...

In the last decade, voluntary efforts by firms to reduce their environmental impacts have received increasing attention from both policymakers and scholars. In this article, we consider polluters’ incentives to reduce their releases. In particular, using data from Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory, we examine the impacts of conventional regulation, threats of regulation, and non-gov...

A rich mixture of government incentives and fees to encourage the collection of used products and the subsequent remanufacturing has been increasingly utilized both domestically and internationally. In this paper, toward a fuller understanding of such government participation in closed-loop supply chains (CLSC’s), we construct and analyze a series of game-theoretic CLSC models with remanufactur...

background: unwanted pregnancies and their complications are one of the major problems facing women in the world. this study aimed to determine the factors that affect unwanted pregnancy in the population covered by the shahroud university of medical sciences in 2013. methods: in this case-control study, 116 cases and 251 controls were randomly selected from those who referred to health care ce...

the purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in value of children between the 1960s, 1970s, after 1980 birth cohort, and identifying the factors affecting. the data for this study are drawn from a survey in semnan province in 2012. information is related to 405 married women aged 15-49 years. the result shows that the highest score of the children value belonged to the 1960 birth...

In an endemic area of North-East Brazil (the town of Picos, State of Piauí), a nongovernmental organization (NGO) supported the activity against leprosy in connection with governmental health organizations and local agents. The indicators of leprosy elimination were compared over time (within Picos) and across space (Picos versus Piauí). The case detection rate, above 8 per 10,000 people in the...