In May, 2011, 30 scientists from 14 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon, France, to assess the carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fi elds (RF-EMF). These assessments will be published as Volume 102 of the IARC Monographs. Human exposures to RF-EMF (frequency range 30 kHz–300 GHz) can occur from use of personal devices (eg, mobile teleph...

Background: The health effect of rapidly increasing everyday exposure of humans to radiofrequency radiation is a major global concern. Mobile phone jammers prevent the mobile phones from receiving signals from base stations by interfering with authorized mobile carriers’ services. In spite of the fact that mobile jammer use is illegal, they are occasionally used in offices, shrines, confe...

This paper describes the early history of GSM, who founded it, and why it was founded. Some services of GSM will be described like SMS, and the emergency call service. The network layout of GSM, and the layers of the protocol will also be described. Introduction GSM was conceived in the early 1980’s by the study group: Groupe Spécial Mobile. GSM had some ambitious goals, some were met, and some...

Mobile phones and Wi-Fi radiofrequency radiation are among the main sources of the exposure of the general population to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Previous studies have shown that exposure of microorganisms to RF-EMFs can be associated with a wide spectrum of changes ranged from the modified bacterial growth to the alterations of the pattern of antibiotic resistance. Our l...

The rapid development of cellular communication systems all over the world has caused the appearance of many hundreds of mobile telephone base stations in every city. Installation of base station antennas has produced concerns about health and in some cases has resulted in litigation in court. Independent researches and measurements on electromagnetic fields in areas close to base stations was ...

The place of information in addressing market access and participation limitation, which hinders farmer’s welfare and poverty reduction efforts in many developing countries, cannot be over-emphasized. This study therefore examined the use of mobile phone in the marketing of food crops among farming households in rural south east, Nigeria. A multi stage sampling procedures was used in the select...

background: the health effect of rapidly increasing everyday exposure of humans to radiofrequency radiation is a major global concern. mobile phone jammers prevent the mobile phones from receiving signals from base stations by interfering with authorized mobile carriers’ services. in spite of the fact that mobile jammer use is illegal, they are occasionally used in offices, shrines, conference ...

BACKGROUND Individuals with idiopathic environmental illness with attribution to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) believe they suffer negative health effects when exposed to electromagnetic fields from everyday objects such as mobile phone base stations. OBJECTIVES This study used both open provocation and double-blind tests to determine if sensitive and control individuals experience more ne...

The deployment of a miniature mobile-phone base station or small cell in a train car significantly improves the coverage and the capacity of a mobile network service on the train. However, the impact of the small cell on the passengers' exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is unknown. In this study, we assessed experimentally the RF-EMF exposure of a mobile-phone user who...