The growth dynamics of D2O ice in liquid H2O in a microfluidic device were investigated between the melting points of D2O ice (3.8 °C) and H2O ice (0 °C). As the temperature was decreased at rates between 0.002 °C/s and 0.1 °C/s, the ice front advanced but retreated immediately upon cessation of cooling, regardless of the temperature. This is a consequence of the competition between diffusion o...

Using large samples of estate tax returns, we construct new series on wealth concentration in Paris and France from 1807 to 1994. Inequality increased until 1914 because industrial and financial estates grew dramatically. Then, adverse shocks, rather than a Kuznets-type process, led to a massive decline in inequality. The very high wealth concentration prior to 1914 benefited retired individual...

Two approaches to improve the convergence of the multipole series were considered 1) an increase in the order of the expansion; 2) decomposition of the molecular charge density into smaller distributions. New decompositions of the molecular electronic density and a computational procedure to generate high-order moments are presented. The accuracy and timing of test calculations on the H2O ... H...

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cd(C7H5O3)2(C6H6NO)2(H2O)2]·2[Cd(C7H5O3)2(C6H6NO)(H2O)2]·4H2O, consists of two kinds of Cd(II) complexes (A and B) and lattice water mol-ecules. In complex A, [Cd(C7H5O3)2(C6H6NO)2(H2O)2], the Cd(II) cation is located on an inversion center and is coordinated by two salicylate anions, two nicotinamide (NA) ligands and two water mol-ecules in a sligh...

In the title compound, [Mg(C6H2N2O4)(H2O)4]·H2O, the Mg(II) ion is coordinated by a fully deprotonated pyrimidine-4,6-dicarboxyl-ate mol-ecule, via a ring N and a carboxyl-ate O atom, and by four water O atoms at the apices of a slightly distorted octa-hedron. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

The title carbamate monohydrates, C13H12N2O2·H2O and C12H9BrN2O2·H2O, form isomorphous crystals that are isostructural in their primary hydrogen-bonding modes. In both carbamates, the primary hydrogen bonding and aggregation involves cyclic amide-water-pyridine moieties as (N-H⋯O-H⋯N)2 dimers about inversion centres [as R 4 (4)(14) rings], where the participation of strong hydrogen-bonding dono...

Introduction: The concentration of H2O in the Martian mantle is of importance to understanding the dynamics of convection, the spatial and temporal occurrence of partial melting, and the history of volatile fluxes from the interior to the surface, but is subject to considerable uncertainty and vigorous debate [1-6] Simulation of the cosmochemical and accretionary origin of Mars suggests an init...

The adsorption and dissociation of water on a Ru(0001) surface containing a small amount (≤ 3 %) of carbon impurities was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Various surface species are formed depending on the temperature. These include molecular H2O, H2O-C complexes, H, O, OH and CH. Clusters of either pure H2O or mixed H2O-OH species are also formed. Each of these species produces...

Monomeric [Co(II)(hep-H)(H2O)4]SO4 [1]SO4 and [Co(II)(hep-H)2(H2O)2](NO3)2 [2](NO3)2 have been developed from 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine (hep-H) and CoSO4·7H2O/Co(NO3)2·6H2O, respectively, at 298 K. On exposure to heat (120 °C), the light orange single crystal of [1]SO4 transforms to a pink single crystal corresponding to the neutral sulfato bridged dimeric complex [(Co(II)(hep-H)(H2O)2(μ2-sulf...