Vibrating walls, frequently employed to maintain the temperature (i.e., average velocity) in a granular gas, modify the system strongly, rendering it dissimilar to a molecular one in various aspects. As evidenced by microgravity experiments employing a quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) rectangular box and by 2D simulations, the one-peak velocity distribution is split into two, rendering the stre...

The problem of estimating a covariance matrix in multivariate linear regression models is addressed in a decision-theoretic framework. Although a standard loss function is the Stein loss, it is not available in the case of a high dimension. In this paper, a new type of a quadratic loss function, called the intrinsic loss, is suggested, and unified dominance results are derived under the loss, i...

Humans are a true force of nature and human actions have taken their place alongside the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere as defining processes shaping the global landscape (Ellis & Haff, 2009). Much like forecasting the weather and trends in the economy, the interactions of humans and complex ecosystems (such as a food web in a tropical rainforest) are fraught with complexit...

A commercially available single photon avalanche photodiode in a passively quenched circuit is used with time-correlated single photon counting modules to achieve subnanosecond time response together with high quantum efficiency and low dark noise. These characteristics are required for experiments in single molecule detection and spectroscopy in which time-gated detection schemes are used. By ...

The problem of estimating the scale matrix ? in a multivariate additive model, with elliptical noise, is considered from decision-theoretic point view. As natural estimators form ˆ = S (where sample covariance and positive constant) perform poorly, we propose general , G ( + Z ) where Moore–Penrose inverse correction matrix. We provide conditions on such that improves over under quadratic loss ...

The large Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon (687 km2) at the German-Polish border, close to the Baltic Sea, suffers from severe eutrophication and water quality problems due to high discharge of water, nutrients and pollutants by the river Oder. Sewage treatment around the lagoon has been very much improved during the last years, but large amounts of sewage still enter the Oder river. Human pathogenic vir...

Shock waves in granular gases generated by either a vertically vibrated granular layer or by hitting an obstacle at rest are treated by means of a shock capturing scheme that approximates the Euler equations of granular gas dynamics with an equation of state (EOS), introduced by Goldshtein and Shapiro [ J. Fluid Mech. 282 (1995) 75], that takes into account the inelastic collisions of granules....

Long-range spatial correlations in the velocity and energy fields of a granular fluid are discussed in the framework of a 1d lattice model. The dynamics of the velocity field occurs through nearest-neighbour inelastic collisions that conserve momentum but dissipate energy. A set of equations for the fluctuating hydrodynamics of the velocity and energy mesoscopic fields give a first approximatio...