We study quantum entanglement of bipartite CAR systems. We show that triangle inequality of von Neumann entropy does not hold in these systems. Meanwhile, we show non-separability in the sense of Florig-Summers for our CAR systems. Entanglement degrees by Narnhofer are generalized to an arbitrary, that is, not-necessarily commuting pair of general C∗-systems. These new entanglement degrees are ...

Approximately half of the world’s population is living in cities and it continues to grow. Along with urbanization, scarce natural resources, rising energy costs, shortage of space, increasing traffic congestion, and environmental pollution require populations to rethink personal vehicle ownership. Car sharing is an alternative that allows individuals to satisfy their mobility needs and address...

In this study, a numerical computational fluid dynamics study is conducted in order to predict the aerodynamic forces on the NP car. The turbulent air flow around the car is modeled using the realizable k-ε model. First, results are validated against those presented for the Ahmed’s body. Next, the fluid flow around the car is simulated for different car speeds ( to mph) and fl...

It would be difficult to deny the importance of optimization in the areas of science and technology. This is in fact, one of the most critical steps in any design process. Even small changes in optimization can improve dramatically upon any process or element within a process. However, determining whether an optimization approach will improve on an original design is usually a question that its...

Background: Lower extremity injuries are frequently observed in car-to-pedestrian accidents and due to the bumper height of most cars, knee joint is one of the most damaged body parts in car-to-pedestrian collisions.Objective: The aim of this paper is first to provide an accurate Finite Element model of the knee joint and second to investigate lower limb impact biomechanics in car-to-pede...

This paper investigates the coupled axial-radial (CAR) vibration of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) based on doublet mechanics (DM) with a scale parameter. Two coupled forth order partial differential equations that govern the CAR vibration of SWCNTs are derived. It is the first time that DM is used to model the CAR vibration of SWCNTs. To obtain the natural frequency and dynamic respon...

Car-following models are among the most important components of micro traffic flow simulation which is studiedby transportation experts to evaluate new applications of intelligent transportation systems. Until now, several carfollowingmodels have been proposed. An obvious disadvantage of the former models is the great number of parameterswhich are difficult to calibrate. In th...