Extraction socket healing and osseous remodeling take 120 to 180 days. Healing results in 50% reduction in the buccolingual bone in 12 months. Buccal bone loss of the extraction socket exceeds more than two-thirds with reduction in apicocoronal height by approximately 0.8 mm within 3 months of healing. Bundle bone is the portion of alveolar bone where fibers from the periodontal ligament (PDL) ...

In recent years the science of tissue engineering has emerged as a powerful tool for the development of a novel set of tissue replacement parts and technologies. Recent advances in the fields of biomaterials, stem cell technologies, growth factor field and biomimetics have created a unique set of opportunities for investigators to fabricate lab-grown tissues from combination of extracellular ma...

The objective of tis sue replacement is to recreate or regenerate the loss or damaged structure and to mimic as closely as possible the original form and function. The grafting material should be biocompatible to the host receiving the graft at the hard and soft tissue interfaces [1]. The host tissue has a potential for damage and rejection of the graft. The clinician must determine the objecti...