CaCl2 treatment followed by heat shock is the most common method for artificial transformation. Here, the cells were transformed using CaCl2 treatment either with heat shock (standard protocol) or without heat shock (lab protocol) to comprehend the difference in transformation efficiency. The BL21 strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was being susceptible using CaCl2 treatment. Some Cells were ...

Ferrous metals include cast iron, steel, and the various steel alloys, The only difference between iron and steel is the carbon content. Cast iron contains more than 2-percent carbon, while steel contains less than 2 percent. An alloy is a substance composed of two or more elements. Therefore, all steels are an alloy of iron and carbon, but the term “alloy steel” normally refers to a steel that...

The aim of this chapter is to communicate the underlying principles for producing heattreated milk which is safe and of high quality, based on many years of experience which has been gained from teaching, research and troubleshooting. Although a small amount of milk is still sold as ‘untreated’ or raw, the two main heat treatments used for milk sold in the retail sector are pasteurisation and s...

aisi 4340 steel is one of the super strong steels that can be selected for different applications. by designing theproper cycles of heat treatment, the optimum microstructure and properties of this steel can be achieved. in thisstudy, different heat treatment cycles were introduced to achieve the optimum microstructure and improve themechanical and magnetic properties of aisi 4340 steel. the re...

Microalloyed cast steels are a group of microalloyed steels in which reliable mechanical properties could be achieved by heat treatment. In this work, the heat treatment processes were carried out on the cast specimens as the step samples by different thicknesses and Zr content. The results show that after homogenization, variations in thickness have no effect on the hardness. Also, after hea...

In this study, time of calcium phosphate formation on Ti6Al4V alloy with or without alkali and heat treatments was investigated. Specimens were soaked in 0, 5, 10 M solutions of NaOH at temperatures of 60 or 80 °C for 24, 72 h. Their surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and thin film X-ray diffraction. It was found that optimum condition is 72h soaking in 5 M NaOH in 8...

The application of Inconel 713C is very vast in different industries such as in automobiles, aircrafts, boilers and turbines. In this paper, Inconel 713C specimens were solutionized at 1000 and 1200 °C for 1 hours in order to study changes in phases and the structure of alloy to modify the γ' phase. The optical and the scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the structure and the ...