Herbal and dietary supplement consumption has rapidly expanded in recent years. Due to pharmacological and metabolic characteristics of some supplements, they can interact with prescription medications, potentially leading to clinically important and potentially preventable adverse reactions. Electronic health record (EHR) system provides a valuable source from which drug-supplement interaction...

On February 6, 2004, FDA issued a final rule stating that supplements containing “ephedra” present an unreasonable risk of illness to those taking them. This rule puts ban on manufacture and distribution of ephedra containing dietary supplements with effect from April 12, 2004. This was the first time in US that a supplement has been removed from the market under DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Healt...

Functional supplements are intended not only to provide nutrients, but also to increase the physical and mental well-being of their consumer. Based on increasing demand to reduce health risks and improve health quality, the functional supplement market has expanded; it was estimated to be worth over US$80 billion worldwide in 2008 (Vergari et al., 2010). Given the abundant use of supplements, d...

Herbal supplement-induced liver injury represents a growing concern in the body of drug-induced (DILI) literature, with recent studies mainland China, Iceland, and United States reporting estimated rates herb/dietary (HILI) between 1.16-6.38 per 100,000 (Björnsson et al., 2013; Shen 2019; Vega 2017). Notably, 2020 study demonstrated an increasing prevalence hepatotoxicity secondary to herbal di...