Adenoviruses show promising potential as vectors for cancer vaccines, however, their high immunogenicity can be problematic when it comes to homologous prime-boost strategies. In the studies presented here we show that heterologous prime-boost vaccinations involving ovalbumin (OVA)-antigen-coated microparticles as a prime, and adenovirus encoding OVA (AdOVA) as a boost, were equally as effectiv...

Human-to-human transmission of influenza viruses is a serious public health threat, yet the precise role immunity from previous infections on susceptibility to airborne infection still unknown. Using ferret model, we examined roles exposure duration and heterosubtypic transmission. We demonstrate that 48 hour sufficient for efficient H1N1 H3N2 viruses. To test pre-existing immunity, gap 8–12 we...

A foot and mouth disease virus type A strain, isolated from an out­ break in a vaccinated herd, was compared serologically with the vaccine virus by the two-dimensional microneutralisation test and immunologically through a cross-immunity test in cattle. The antigenic diversity of the field virus from the vaccine virus as revealed by serological analysis was substantiated by lack of cross-prote...

BACKGROUND Maternal antibodies can interfere with foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. In this study we determined whether intratypic heterologous vaccination could help to improve herd immunity. RESULTS In unvaccinated calves, a half-life of maternal antibodies of 21 days was determined. At two weeks of age, calves without maternal antibodies showed a good antibody response against both vacci...

BACKGROUND Avian influenza (AI) infection in poultry can result in high morbidity and mortality, and negatively affect international trade. Because most AI vaccines used for poultry are inactivated, our knowledge of immunity against AI is based largely on humoral immune responses. In fact, little is known about cellular immunity following a primary AI infection in poultry, especially regarding ...

BACKGROUND Scrub typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. Recently, the rapid increase of scrub typhus incidence in several countries within the endemic region has become a serious public health issue. Despite the wide range of preventative approaches that have been attempted in the past 70 years, all have failed to develop an effective prophylactic vaccine...

The high prevalence of preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in human populations has led to the development of recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors derived from rare Ad serotypes as vaccine candidates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other pathogens. Vaccine vectors have been constructed from Ad subgroup B, including rAd11 and rAd35, as well as from Ad subgroup D, incl...

UNLABELLED The continual threat to global health posed by influenza has led to increased efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for use in epidemics and pandemics. We show in this study that formulation of a low dose of inactivated detergent-split influenza vaccine with a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist-based lipopeptide adjuvant (R4Pam2Cys) provides (i) immediate, antig...

Many pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, are carried asymptomatically on the nasopharyngeal mucosa and spread among individuals by close contact. Clinical disease results when pneumococci escape from the mucosa and invade sterile sites. Although systemic immunity can prevent invasive disease, control of person-to-person spread is probably dependent on immunity acting at the mucosal s...