The scattering and absorption of light by water molecules and by suspended and dissolved matter (turbidity) degrade image transmission and, thus, underwater perception. We tested the effects on visual detection of prey size and distance (affecting apparent prey size) and of low-level water turbidity in hand-reared great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) diving for natural prey (fish) in...

Background & Aims of the Study: Spent filter backwash water (SFBW) consists of 1-5% of the total treated water typically and it has a high turbidity. Because of the scarcity of water resources and in order to prevent the environmental contamination, effluent treatment of rapid sand filter backwashing is unavoidable. One of the new technologies for removal of turbidity from the ...

Background: Entry of untreated wastewater of wool scouring factories has been associated with many environmental hazards because of high rate of pollution. Presently effective treatment methods and reducing the costs of operation and maintenance from treatment units have always been under the attention of this industry owners. The aim of this survey is to present a suitable method for the treat...

Recharge and contamination of karst aquifers often occur via the unsaturated zone, but the functioning of this zone has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, irrigation and tracer experiments, along with monitoring of rainfall events, were used to examine water percolation and the transport of solutes, particles, and fecal bacteria between the land surface and a water outlet into a shallow ...

The degree of the inoculum effect shown by the new beta-lactam antibiotics with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated, and the antibiotics were divided into three groups based upon the observations. The group 1 antibiotics (cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, azlocillin, piperacillin, and aztreonam) demonstrated a large inoculum effect, were poorly bactericidal, produced aberrant, elongated...

Suspended sediments in oceans, seas, and estuaries shape coastal geography, provide important nutrients to ecosystems, and transport and bury harmful contaminants. Although the problem has significant interest in the scientific and environmental engineering communities, many of the the mechanisms involved are poorly understood because of the difficulty and expense of measuring what turns out to...

The cetylpyridinium chloride turbidity screening test for glycosaminoglycan excretion discussed by Manley, Severn, and Hawksworth (1968) has been used in this laboratory. In this method (cetylpyridinium chloride turbidity) the precipitation time of four minutes is critical since, after this time interval, turbidity may continue to rise or may fall due to aggregation of particles. As a result of...

Automated data collection is essential to effectively measure suspended sediment loads in storm events, particularly in small basins. Continuous turbidity measurements can be used, along with discharge, in an automated system that makes real-time sampling decisions to facilitate sediment load estimation. The Turbidity Threshold Sampling method distributes sample collection over the range of ris...

Measurements of fibrinogen concentration by use of two rapid methods (clot.weight method and th rombin-turbidity method) were compared with the reference thrombin.coagulation method of Ratnoff and Menzie [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 37, 316 (1951)]. Both rapid methods gave results (in the high, middle, and low ranges) that correlated well with those of the thrombin-coagulation method. However, the throm...