The standard model used in studies of urban decentralization is the monocentric model with its implication of an exponential density gradient. Exponential density gradients have been estimated for the cities of many countries. The exponential, however, does not easily facilitate the study of jurisdictional e ects on suburbanization. This led Edwin Mills in 1991 to propose a new function for mea...

A two-dimensional model composite with elastic reinforcements in a crystalline matrix subject to macroscopic shear is considered using both discrete dislocation plasticity and a nonlocal continuum crystal plasticity theory. Only single slip is permitted in the matrix material. The discrete dislocation results are used as numerical experiments and we explore the extent to which the nonlocal crys...

In boundary element analysis, first order function derivatives, e.g., boundary potential gradient or stress tensor, can be accurately computed by evaluating the hypersingular integral equation for these quantities. However, this approach requires a complete integration over the boundary and is therefore computationally quite expensive. Herein it is shown that this method can be significantly si...

It is shown that in the estimation of an arbitrary signal corrupted by additive Gaussian noise, the optimum minimum-variance estimator is always a simple linear transformation of the logarithmic gradient of the average likelihood ratio which is obtained in the optimum detection of the same signal. Conversely, the average likelihood ratio can always be expressed in a simple functional form conta...

For classical elasticity, the constitutive equations (Hooke’s law) have the same functional form for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous materials. However, for straingradient elasticity, such is not the case. This paper shows that for strain-gradient elasticity with volumetric and surface energy (Casal’s continuum), extra terms appear in the constitutive equations which are associated with the...

ABSTRACT. This paper provides an elementary introduction into modeling of localized inelastic processes such as cracking or formation of shear bands. The basic concepts are explained using a simple one-dimensional example. It is shown that a stress-strain law with softening used in a standard continuum description leads to physically meaningless results and that the numerical solution suffers b...

Residual terms that appear in nonlinear PDEs that are constructed to generate filtered representations of the variables of the fully resolved system are examined by way of a consistency condition. It is shown that certain commonly used empirical gradient models for the residuals fail the test of consistency and therefore cannot be validated as approximations in any reliable sense. An alternate ...

The main goal of this research is to provide a more detailed investigation of the size-dependent response of magneto-electro-thermo-elastic (METE) nanobeams subjected to propagating wave, ...