Henri Lefebvre famously seized upon the duality of the modern city: how for some it is a space of play and liberation, and for others a centre for power and repression. This article explores this duality through an analysis of the changing historical geography of Barcelona’s Raval district, an inner-city working-class community and the birthplace of Catalan industrialization. From the 1920s onw...

The evolution of infrastructure networks such as roads and streets are of utmost importance to understand the evolution of urban systems. However, datasets describing these spatial objects are rare and sparse. The database presented here represents the road network at the french national level described in the historical map of Cassini in the 18th century. The digitization of this historical ma...

old province sogdiana, comprising two major city states- samarkand and bukhara which had  ancient civilization and brilliant cultural heritage, was the most important province  of transoxian. achaemenids, seleucids, kushaniyan, hayateleh, turks and sasanians rule in this region at a time. at the interval between fall of the sassanid (652 a.d) and conquest of transoxiana by muslim (second half o...