The ability of human immunodeficiency virus strain MN (HIV(MN)), a T-cell line-adapted strain of HIV, and X4 and R5 primary isolates to bind to various cell types was investigated. In general, HIV(MN) bound to cells at higher levels than did the primary isolates. Virus bound to both CD4-positive (CD4(+)) and CD4-negative (CD4(-)) cells, including neutrophils, Raji cells, tonsil mononuclear cell...

Decreased CD4(+) T cell counts are the best marker of disease progression during HIV infection. However, CD4(+) T cells are heterogeneous in phenotype and function, and it is unknown how preferential depletion of specific CD4(+) T cell subsets influences disease severity. CD4(+) T cells can be classified into three subsets by the expression of receptors for two T cell-tropic cytokines, IL-2 (CD...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4(+) T cell cytokine secretion is characteristically weak during HIV infection, in part because HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells undergo massive apoptotic deletion. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family-related (GITR) protein triggering enhances murine antigen-specific T cell cytokine secretion by protecting T cells from apop...

Infection of primary CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 coincides with an increase in glycolysis. We investigated the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) and glycolytic enzymes in human CD4+ T cells in response to infection with HIV-1. We demonstrate the co-expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, and GLUT6 in human CD4+ T cells after activation, and their concerted overexpression in HIV-1 infected cells....

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and may accelerate HIV progression by rising HIV viral load and decreasing CD4 count. However, the available data regarding the influence of HSV-2 seropositivity on HIV progression in HIV individuals are inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to determine HSV-2 seroprevalence in na&iu...

The mechanism of CD4(+) T-cell depletion during chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains unknown. Many studies suggest a significant role for chronic CD4(+) T-cell activation. We assumed that the pathogenic process of excessive CD4(+) T-cell activation would be reflected in the transcriptional profiles of activated CD4(+) T cells. Here we demonstrate that the transc...

We assessed de novo T-cell generation by determining T-cell receptor-rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) based on patient age and on stage of HIV-1 infection. TRECs were measured in purified CD4 and CD8 T cells of a large cohort of HIV-1-infected subjects (n = 297) with chronic infection but no previous antiretroviral treatment and of a control group of HIV-negative subjects (n = 120). HIV-1...

HIV infection leads to a state of chronic immune activation and progressive deterioration in immune function, manifested most recognizably by the progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells. A substantial percentage of natural killer (NK) cells from patients with HIV infection are activated and express the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp44. Here we show that a cellular ligand for NKp44 (NKp44...

in this article, we present a fractional order hiv-1 infectionmodel of cd4+ t-cell. we analyze the effect of the changing the averagenumber of the viral particle n with initial conditions of the presentedmodel. the laplace adomian decomposition method is applying to checkthe analytical solution of the problem. we obtain the solutions of thefractional order hiv-1 model in the form of infinite se...