In this dissertation Lambda Calculus reduction is studied as a means of improving the support for declarative computing. We consider systems having reduction semantics; i.e., systems in which computations consist of equivalence-preserving transformations between expressions. The approach becomes possible by reducing expressions beyond weak normal form, allowing expression-level output values, a...

Hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is an important semi‐cell in the renewable energy conversion technology such as fuel cells. However, due to slow rate, development of highly active catalysts remains a major challenge alkaline Based on fundamental understanding sluggish kinetics toward mechanism electrolytes, noble and non‐noble metal their regulation strategies including geometry, composition,...

For the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts are still norm, and their large initial catalytic activity is counterbalanced by uncertain durability in alkaline environments: harsh degradations proceed, like detachment agglomeration of metallic nanoparticles from carbon support, as witnessed dedicated accelerated stress tests (AST). Herein, a strategy to increas...

Abstract Nickel-based catalysts reach a high activity for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in anion exchange membrane fuel cells. While incorporation of iron significantly decreases HOR overpotential on NiFe-based catalysts, reason enhanced remains only partially understood. For first time, situ 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to gain insights into iron-related composition at differen...

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are important alternatives to proton (PEMFCs). However, AEMFCs involve slow hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) on the anode. Catalysts improve HOR were developed by control of ruthenium nanoparticle size, alloying with iridium, and surface modification metal nanoparticles, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity optimizing binding energy bifunctionali...

Understanding the reaction pathways for hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and oxygen reduction (ORR) is key to design electrodes solid acid fuel cells (SAFCs). In general, electrochemical reactions of a cell are considered occur at triple-phase boundary where an electrocatalyst, electrolyte gas phase in contact. this concept, diffusion processes intermediates from catalyst remain unconsidered. Here, we ...

Pd-based catalysts are considered to be among the most promising electrocatalysts for both hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction (ORR) in alkaline media. Although major progress finding effective has been made, reasons activity enhancement conditions remain elucidated. Herein, we report fabrication of alloyed PdNi thin films as a tool study HOR ORR reactions. Annealing physical...