Many diverse intracellular pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia psittaci, Encephalitozoon sp., and Toxoplasma gondii, manipulate and relocate host cell organelles, including mitochondria. Toxoplasma tachyzoites use a secreted protein, mitochondrial association factor 1b (MAF1b), to drive the association between the host mitochondria and the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuol...

Mutualism is common in nature and crucial for population dynamics, community structure, ecosystem functioning. Studies have recently pointed out that life-history stage structure (e.g., juveniles adults) a key factor to better understand the ecological consequences of mutualism (termed stage-structured mutualism). Despite potential importance, little known about what kinds can evolve when it li...

Short-sequence fragments ('DNA barcodes') used widely for plant identification and inventorying remain to be applied to complex biological problems. Host-herbivore interactions are fundamental to coevolutionary relationships of a large proportion of species on the Earth, but their study is frequently hampered by limited or unreliable host records. Here we demonstrate that DNA barcodes can great...

The susceptibility of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the monogenean Discocotyle sagittata in the United Kingdom was assessed by experimental infection of naive fish. One month postinfection with 100 oncomiracidia/host, brown trout harbored significantly lower burdens (27.7 worms/host +/- 4.13 SE) than rainbow trout (47.8 worms/host +/- 3.90; P = 0.002). Th...

Abstract The symbiont-associated (SA) environmental package is a new extension to the minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS) standards, established by Parasite Microbiome Project (PMP) consortium, in collaboration with Genomics Standard Consortium. SA was built upon host-associated MIxS standard, but reflects nestedness of microbiota within and across host-symbiont-microbe interactio...

We study the effect of environment on the properties of type Ia supernovae by analyzing the integrated spectra of 57 host galaxies. Integrated spectra of galaxies best represent the global properties of the host and can be used to directly compare with spectra of high-redshift galaxies. From the spectra we deduce the metallicity, current star-formation rate and star-formation history of the hos...

successful clearance of hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a promising event in which host's immune system will attempt to get rid of the virus. the immunological events of hbsag seroclearance have attracted great attention in both natural history investigations and therapeutic trials. recent genome-wide association studies (gwas) has confirmed polymorphisms in the human leukocyte antigen (hla)-dp locu...